Akkadian Addenda

Drills — the Akkadian signs, three ways

Every sign Cuneiform 103 teaches — new signs and veterans with their Akkadian readings — as cards: click one, answer out loud (or on paper — better), then unfold and check. Each sign comes three ways — read it, write it, what does it mean — and the deck is interleaved so neighboring cards never come from the same chapter. This shelf drills only Akkadian: the Sumerian signs keep their own deck, and the two never mix.

To drill on paper, open a cut below and print it: the cards become cut-out slips, ready for a shoebox Leitner system.

The deck

The deck lies face-down: every tile below holds all the cards, each in a different order. The marked tile is today’s deal. Sitting down for a real session? Pick any tile — the ones you have already worked through fade.

Today’s cut

1. [ṭu] · born — write it

   𒌅TU · [ṭu] · ṭubbim, "to make well" · TU · veteran — TU gains [ṭu₂]: ṭubbim, "to make well"

2. 𒀠AL · [al] · the hoe — read it

   [al] · hoe · AL · the hoe

3. [ah/eh/uh] · sigh — write it

   𒄴AH · [ah/eh/uh] · a pure syllable — the throat's breath in three colors; me-eḫ-ri-šu, "his equal" · AH · a pure syllable — the throat's breath in three colors; me-eḫ-ri-šu, "his equal"

4. 𒉈NE · [bi] · qibīma, "speak!" — the letter-opener's middle [bi] — what does it mean?

   brazier · NE · veteran — NE gains [bi]: qibīma, "speak!" — the letter-opener's middle

5. 𒌑U₂ · [u] · plant, grass — read it

   [u] · grass · U2 · plant, grass

6. 𒅀IA · [ia] · i and a fused in one sign — the -ya of "my" — read it

   [ia] · my · IA · i and a fused in one sign — the -ya of "my"

7. 𒆗KAL · [dan] · dannum, "the strong" [dan] — what does it mean?

   mighty · KAL · veteran — KAL gains [dan]: dannum, "the strong"

8. 𒈧MASZ₂ · [maš] · the kid goat — and the interest on a loan: growth measured the herdsman's way [maš] — what does it mean?

   kid · MASZ2 · the kid goat — and the interest on a loan: growth measured the herdsman's way

9. 𒋰TAB · [tab/tap] · two wedges side by side — a pair; to double — read it

   [tab/tap] · pair · TAB · two wedges side by side — a pair; to double

10. [mārum] · child — write it

    𒌉TUR · [mārum] · the son-sign DUMU as a sumerogram · TUR · veteran — TUR gains [mārum]: the son-sign DUMU as a sumerograma Sumerian word-sign kept inside Akkadian text as learned shorthand — written LUGAL, read aloud as Akkadian šarrum, "king"

11. 𒁉BI · [pi] · the last syllable of Ḫammurapi — read it

    [pi] · its · BI · veteran — BI gains [pi₂]: the last syllable of Ḫammurapi

12. [ad/at] · father — write it

    𒀜AD · [ad/at] · father · AD · father

13. 𒄰KAM · [kam] · the counting tag after numbers — "-th" [kam] — what does it mean?

    ordinal · KAM · the counting tag after numbers — "-th"

14. [be] · open — write it

    𒁁BAD · [be] · [be]; as a word, to open, apart · BAD · [be]; as a word, to open, apart

15. 𒅕IR · [ir/er] · scent, perfume in the lists [ir/er] — what does it mean?

    scent · IR · scent, perfume in the lists

16. 𒁍BU · [bu/pu] · [bu]; to tear away in the lists — read it

    [bu/pu] · tear · BU · [bu]; to tear away in the lists

17. 𒅈AR · [ar] · praise, glory in the lists; here the syllable of maḫar, "before" — read it

    [ar] · praise · AR · praise, glory in the lists; here the syllable of maḫar, "before"

18. 𒁲DI · [ṭi] · liṭīb, "may it be sweet" — read it

    [ṭi] · verdict · DI · veteran — DI gains [ṭi]: liṭīb, "may it be sweet"

19. 𒌅TU · [ṭu] · ṭubbim, "to make well" [ṭu] — what does it mean?

    born · TU · veteran — TU gains [ṭu₂]: ṭubbim, "to make well"

20. [al] · hoe — write it

    𒀠AL · [al] · the hoe · AL · the hoe

21. 𒄴AH · [ah/eh/uh] · a pure syllable — the throat's breath in three colors; me-eḫ-ri-šu, "his equal" [ah/eh/uh] — what does it mean?

    sigh · AH · a pure syllable — the throat's breath in three colors; me-eḫ-ri-šu, "his equal"

22. [u] · grass — write it

    𒌑U₂ · [u] · plant, grass · U2 · plant, grass

23. 𒊍AZ · [as/az] · the bear in the lists; one sign for three tails — as, az, and the pressed aṣ — read it

    [as/az] · bear · AZ · the bear in the lists; one sign for three tails — as, az, and the pressed aṣ

24. [ia] · my — write it

    𒅀IA · [ia] · i and a fused in one sign — the -ya of "my" · IA · i and a fused in one sign — the -ya of "my"

25. 𒌝UM · [um] · [um]; the nominative's closing -um — read it

    [um] · tether · UM · [um]; the nominativethe case of the subject — the noun the sentence is about; Old Babylonian marks it with -um: šarrum, "the king (does something)"'s closing -um

26. [tab/tap] · pair — write it

    𒋰TAB · [tab/tap] · two wedges side by side — a pair; to double · TAB · two wedges side by side — a pair; to double

27. 𒌉TUR · [mārum] · the son-sign DUMU as a sumerogram [mārum] — what does it mean?

    child · TUR · veteran — TUR gains [mārum]: the son-sign DUMU as a sumerograma Sumerian word-sign kept inside Akkadian text as learned shorthand — written LUGAL, read aloud as Akkadian šarrum, "king"

28. 𒋼TE · [te] · to approach in the lists — read it

    [te] · approach · TE · to approach in the lists

29. [pi] · its — write it

    𒁉BI · [pi] · the last syllable of Ḫammurapi · BI · veteran — BI gains [pi₂]: the last syllable of Ḫammurapi

30. 𒊑RI · [re] · ašarēd, "foremost" — the e-colored ri — read it

    [re] · distant · RI · veteran — RI gains [re]: ašarēd, "foremost" — the e-colored ri

31. 𒀜AD · [ad/at] · father [ad/at] — what does it mean?

    father · AD · father

32. 𒁺DU · [ra] · the third sign of the bone-compound — read it

    [ra] · go · DU · veteran — DU gains [ra₂]: the third sign of the bone-compound

33. 𒁁BAD · [be] · [be]; as a word, to open, apart [be] — what does it mean?

    open · BAD · [be]; as a word, to open, apart

34. 𒄊GIR₃ · [eṣemtum] · the foot, the path; never voiced alone here — with PAD.DU it writes eṣemtum, "bone" — read it

    [eṣemtum] · path · GIR3 · the foot, the path; never voiced alone here — with PAD.DU it writes eṣemtum, "bone"

35. [bu/pu] · tear — write it

    𒁍BU · [bu/pu] · [bu]; to tear away in the lists · BU · [bu]; to tear away in the lists

36. [ar] · praise — write it

    𒅈AR · [ar] · praise, glory in the lists; here the syllable of maḫar, "before" · AR · praise, glory in the lists; here the syllable of maḫar, "before"

37. 𒈪MI · [mi] · night, black — read it

    [mi] · night · MI · night, black

38. [ṭi] · verdict — write it

    𒁲DI · [ṭi] · liṭīb, "may it be sweet" · DI · veteran — DI gains [ṭi]: liṭīb, "may it be sweet"

39. 𒀠AL · [al] · the hoe [al] — what does it mean?

    hoe · AL · the hoe

40. 𒌑U₂ · [u] · plant, grass [u] — what does it mean?

    grass · U2 · plant, grass

41. [as/az] · bear — write it

    𒊍AZ · [as/az] · the bear in the lists; one sign for three tails — as, az, and the pressed aṣ · AZ · the bear in the lists; one sign for three tails — as, az, and the pressed aṣ

42. 𒅀IA · [ia] · i and a fused in one sign — the -ya of "my" [ia] — what does it mean?

    my · IA · i and a fused in one sign — the -ya of "my"

43. [um] · tether — write it

    𒌝UM · [um] · [um]; the nominative's closing -um · UM · [um]; the nominativethe case of the subject — the noun the sentence is about; Old Babylonian marks it with -um: šarrum, "the king (does something)"'s closing -um

44. 𒋰TAB · [tab/tap] · two wedges side by side — a pair; to double [tab/tap] — what does it mean?

    pair · TAB · two wedges side by side — a pair; to double

45. [te] · approach — write it

    𒋼TE · [te] · to approach in the lists · TE · to approach in the lists

46. 𒁉BI · [pi] · the last syllable of Ḫammurapi [pi] — what does it mean?

    its · BI · veteran — BI gains [pi₂]: the last syllable of Ḫammurapi

47. [re] · distant — write it

    𒊑RI · [re] · ašarēd, "foremost" — the e-colored ri · RI · veteran — RI gains [re]: ašarēd, "foremost" — the e-colored ri

48. [ra] · go — write it

    𒁺DU · [ra] · the third sign of the bone-compound · DU · veteran — DU gains [ra₂]: the third sign of the bone-compound

49. 𒂆GIN₂ · [šiqlum] · the shekel-sign — written GIN₂, spoken šiqlum: the weight silver moves in — read it

    [šiqlum] · shekelthe basic Mesopotamian weight, about 8 grams — one shekel of silver was roughly a hired worker's monthly wage · GIN2 · the shekelthe basic Mesopotamian weight, about 8 grams — one shekel of silver was roughly a hired worker's monthly wage-sign — written GIN₂, spoken šiqlum: the weight silver moves in

50. [eṣemtum] · path — write it

    𒄊GIR₃ · [eṣemtum] · the foot, the path; never voiced alone here — with PAD.DU it writes eṣemtum, "bone" · GIR3 · the foot, the path; never voiced alone here — with PAD.DU it writes eṣemtum, "bone"

51. 𒁍BU · [bu/pu] · [bu]; to tear away in the lists [bu/pu] — what does it mean?

    tear · BU · [bu]; to tear away in the lists

52. 𒅈AR · [ar] · praise, glory in the lists; here the syllable of maḫar, "before" [ar] — what does it mean?

    praise · AR · praise, glory in the lists; here the syllable of maḫar, "before"

53. [mi] · night — write it

    𒈪MI · [mi] · night, black · MI · night, black

54. 𒌌UL · [ul] · the flat no of statements — read it

    [ul] · never · UL · the flat no of statements

55. 𒊍AZ · [as/az] · the bear in the lists; one sign for three tails — as, az, and the pressed aṣ [as/az] — what does it mean?

    bear · AZ · the bear in the lists; one sign for three tails — as, az, and the pressed aṣ

56. 𒁲DI · [ṭi] · liṭīb, "may it be sweet" [ṭi] — what does it mean?

    verdict · DI · veteran — DI gains [ṭi]: liṭīb, "may it be sweet"

57. 𒌝UM · [um] · [um]; the nominative's closing -um [um] — what does it mean?

    tether · UM · [um]; the nominativethe case of the subject — the noun the sentence is about; Old Babylonian marks it with -um: šarrum, "the king (does something)"'s closing -um

58. 𒆪KU · [qu] · šūqurātim, "precious" — read it

    [qu] · seize · KU · veteran — KU gains [qu]: šūqurātim, "precious"

59. 𒋼TE · [te] · to approach in the lists [te] — what does it mean?

    approach · TE · to approach in the lists

60. 𒊑RI · [re] · ašarēd, "foremost" — the e-colored ri [re] — what does it mean?

    distant · RI · veteran — RI gains [re]: ašarēd, "foremost" — the e-colored ri

61. 𒇴LAM · [lam] · luxuriance, flourishing — read it

    [lam] · flourish · LAM · luxuriance, flourishing

62. 𒌔UH₂ · [uh] · spittle, phlegm in the lists — read it

    [uh] · spittle · UH2 · spittle, phlegm in the lists

63. 𒁺DU · [ra] · the third sign of the bone-compound [ra] — what does it mean?

    go · DU · veteran — DU gains [ra₂]: the third sign of the bone-compound

64. [šiqlum] · shekelthe basic Mesopotamian weight, about 8 grams — one shekel of silver was roughly a hired worker's monthly wage — write it

    𒂆GIN₂ · [šiqlum] · the shekel-sign — written GIN₂, spoken šiqlum: the weight silver moves in · GIN2 · the shekelthe basic Mesopotamian weight, about 8 grams — one shekel of silver was roughly a hired worker's monthly wage-sign — written GIN₂, spoken šiqlum: the weight silver moves in

65. 𒄊GIR₃ · [eṣemtum] · the foot, the path; never voiced alone here — with PAD.DU it writes eṣemtum, "bone" [eṣemtum] — what does it mean?

    path · GIR3 · the foot, the path; never voiced alone here — with PAD.DU it writes eṣemtum, "bone"

66. 𒉣NUN · [nun] · prince, noble — read it

    [nun] · prince · NUN · prince, noble

67. 𒈪MI · [mi] · night, black [mi] — what does it mean?

    night · MI · night, black

68. 𒋳TAG · [šum] · to touch, strike; šumma's first half — read it

    [šum] · touch · TAG · to touch, strike; šumma's first half

69. [ul] · never — write it

    𒌌UL · [ul] · the flat no of statements · UL · the flat no of statements

70. 𒈝LUM · [lum] · to ripen, be fruitful — read it

    [lum] · ripen · LUM · to ripen, be fruitful

71. 𒊭ŠA · [ša] · the particle ša — "which, of"; the school's hinge-word — read it

    [ša] · which · ŠA · the particlea small function word that frames or flavors a sentence without naming any thing or action ša — "which, of"; the school's hinge-word

72. 𒍢ZE₂ · [ṣi/ṣe] · bile, gall; the emphatic ṣ — read it

    [ṣi/ṣe] · bile · ZE2 · bile, gall; the emphaticpronounced with extra tension further back in the throat than its plain twin — q versus k, ḥ versus h ṣ

73. 𒅇U₃ · [u] · the conjunction u — "and" — read it

    [u] · and · U3 · the conjunction u — "and"

74. 𒂖EL · [el] · bright, pure — read it

    [el] · bright · EL · bright, pure (ellum)

75. [qu] · seize — write it

    𒆪KU · [qu] · šūqurātim, "precious" · KU · veteran — KU gains [qu]: šūqurātim, "precious"

76. 𒊌UG · [ug/uk] · a raging beast — a lion-sign marked with "day" — read it

    [ug/uk] · lion · UG · a raging beast — a lion-sign marked with "day"

77. 𒅋IL · [il] · the il- of illak, "he goes" — read it

    [il] · step · IL · the il- of illak, "he goes"

78. [lam] · flourish — write it

    𒇴LAM · [lam] · luxuriance, flourishing · LAM · luxuriance, flourishing

79. 𒀊AB · [ab/ap] · a window in the lists — read it

    [ab/ap] · window · AB · a window in the lists

80. 𒂆GIN₂ · [šiqlum] · the shekel-sign — written GIN₂, spoken šiqlum: the weight silver moves in [šiqlum] — what does it mean?

    shekelthe basic Mesopotamian weight, about 8 grams — one shekel of silver was roughly a hired worker's monthly wage · GIN2 · the shekelthe basic Mesopotamian weight, about 8 grams — one shekel of silver was roughly a hired worker's monthly wage-sign — written GIN₂, spoken šiqlum: the weight silver moves in

81. [uh] · spittle — write it

    𒌔UH₂ · [uh] · spittle, phlegm in the lists · UH2 · spittle, phlegm in the lists

82. [nun] · prince — write it

    𒉣NUN · [nun] · prince, noble · NUN · prince, noble

83. [šum] · touch — write it

    𒋳TAG · [šum] · to touch, strike; šumma's first half · TAG · to touch, strike; šumma's first half

84. 𒌌UL · [ul] · the flat no of statements [ul] — what does it mean?

    never · UL · the flat no of statements

85. 𒍪ZU · [su] · the -su left when -šu melts: iktašassu — read it

    [su] · know · ZU · veteran — ZU gains [su]: the -su left when -šu melts: iktašassu

86. [lum] · ripen — write it

    𒈝LUM · [lum] · to ripen, be fruitful · LUM · to ripen, be fruitful

87. [ša] · which — write it

    𒊭ŠA · [ša] · the particle ša — "which, of"; the school's hinge-word · ŠA · the particlea small function word that frames or flavors a sentence without naming any thing or action ša — "which, of"; the school's hinge-word

88. 𒊹ŠAR₂ · [šar] · 3600 — the number of everything — read it

    [šar] · myriad · ŠAR2 · 3600 — the number of everything

89. [u] · and — write it

    𒅇U₃ · [u] · the conjunction u — "and" · U3 · the conjunction u — "and"

90. [ṣi/ṣe] · bile — write it

    𒍢ZE₂ · [ṣi/ṣe] · bile, gall; the emphatic ṣ · ZE2 · bile, gall; the emphaticpronounced with extra tension further back in the throat than its plain twin — q versus k, ḥ versus h ṣ

91. [el] · bright — write it

    𒂖EL · [el] · bright, pure · EL · bright, pure (ellum)

92. 𒆪KU · [qu] · šūqurātim, "precious" [qu] — what does it mean?

    seize · KU · veteran — KU gains [qu]: šūqurātim, "precious"

93. [ug/uk] · lion — write it

    𒊌UG · [ug/uk] · a raging beast — a lion-sign marked with "day" · UG · a raging beast — a lion-sign marked with "day"

94. [il] · step — write it

    𒅋IL · [il] · the il- of illak, "he goes" · IL · the il- of illak, "he goes"

95. 𒇴LAM · [lam] · luxuriance, flourishing [lam] — what does it mean?

    flourish · LAM · luxuriance, flourishing

96. [ab/ap] · window — write it

    𒀊AB · [ab/ap] · a window in the lists · AB · a window in the lists

97. 𒉣NUN · [nun] · prince, noble [nun] — what does it mean?

    prince · NUN · prince, noble

98. 𒌔UH₂ · [uh] · spittle, phlegm in the lists [uh] — what does it mean?

    spittle · UH2 · spittle, phlegm in the lists

99. 𒋳TAG · [šum] · to touch, strike; šumma's first half [šum] — what does it mean?

    touch · TAG · to touch, strike; šumma's first half

100. [su] · know — write it

     𒍪ZU · [su] · the -su left when -šu melts: iktašassu · ZU · veteran — ZU gains [su]: the -su left when -šu melts: iktašassu

101. 𒈝LUM · [lum] · to ripen, be fruitful [lum] — what does it mean?

     ripen · LUM · to ripen, be fruitful

102. 𒉻PAD · [eṣemtum] · a morsel, a ration; the middle of the bone-compound GIR₃.PAD.RA₂ — read it

     [eṣemtum] · morsel · PAD · a morsel, a ration; the middle of the bone-compound GIR₃.PAD.RA₂

103. 𒊭ŠA · [ša] · the particle ša — "which, of"; the school's hinge-word [ša] — what does it mean?

     which · ŠA · the particlea small function word that frames or flavors a sentence without naming any thing or action ša — "which, of"; the school's hinge-word

104. [šar] · myriad — write it

     𒊹ŠAR₂ · [šar] · 3600 — the number of everything · ŠAR2 · 3600 — the number of everything

105. 𒅇U₃ · [u] · the conjunction u — "and" [u] — what does it mean?

     and · U3 · the conjunction u — "and"

106. 𒍢ZE₂ · [ṣi/ṣe] · bile, gall; the emphatic ṣ [ṣi/ṣe] — what does it mean?

     bile · ZE2 · bile, gall; the emphaticpronounced with extra tension further back in the throat than its plain twin — q versus k, ḥ versus h ṣ

107. 𒂖EL · [el] · bright, pure [el] — what does it mean?

     bright · EL · bright, pure (ellum)

108. 𒊌UG · [ug/uk] · a raging beast — a lion-sign marked with "day" [ug/uk] — what does it mean?

     lion · UG · a raging beast — a lion-sign marked with "day"

109. 𒉿PI · [wa/wi] · ear; the w Sumerian never wrote — read it

     [wa/wi] · ear · PI · ear; the w Sumerian never wrote

110. 𒅋IL · [il] · the il- of illak, "he goes" [il] — what does it mean?

     step · IL · the il- of illak, "he goes"

111. 𒀊AB · [ab/ap] · a window in the lists [ab/ap] — what does it mean?

     window · AB · a window in the lists

112. 𒈹INANNA · [Ištar] · the goddess's reed-bundle standard — written INANNA, spoken Ištar in Akkadian mouths — read it

     [Ištar] · goddess · INANNA · the goddess's reed-bundle standard — written INANNA, spoken Ištar in Akkadian mouths

113. 𒂍É · [bītum] · the house-sign as a sumerogram — read it

     [bītum] · house · É · veteran — É gains [bītum]: the house-sign as a sumerograma Sumerian word-sign kept inside Akkadian text as learned shorthand — written LUGAL, read aloud as Akkadian šarrum, "king"

114. 𒌓UD · [tam] · nērtam, the murder charge of law 1 — read it

     [tam] · day · UD · veteran — UD gains [tam]: nērtam, the murder charge of law 1

115. 𒍪ZU · [su] · the -su left when -šu melts: iktašassu [su] — what does it mean?

     know · ZU · veteran — ZU gains [su]: the -su left when -šu melts: iktašassu

116. [eṣemtum] · morsel — write it

     𒉻PAD · [eṣemtum] · a morsel, a ration; the middle of the bone-compound GIR₃.PAD.RA₂ · PAD · a morsel, a ration; the middle of the bone-compound GIR₃.PAD.RA₂

117. 𒍝ZA · [ṣa] · uṣṣab, "it will grow" — interest's own syllable — read it

     [ṣa] · bead · ZA · veteran — ZA gains [ṣa]: uṣṣab, "it will grow" — interest's own syllable

118. 𒇷LI · [li/le] · [li/le]; a juniper in the lists — read it

     [li/le] · juniper · LI · [li/le]; a juniper in the lists

119. 𒊹ŠAR₂ · [šar] · 3600 — the number of everything [šar] — what does it mean?

     myriad · ŠAR2 · 3600 — the number of everything

120. 𒊬SAR · [šar] · šarrum, the king spelled sound by sound — read it

     [šar] · write · SAR · veteran — SAR gains [šar]: šarrum, the king spelled sound by sound

121. 𒅆IGI · [ši/lim] · šīmātum's opener, awīlim's close — read it

     [ši/lim] · eye · IGI · veteran — IGI gains [ši/lim]: šīmātum's opener, awīlim's close

122. [wa/wi] · ear — write it

     𒉿PI · [wa/wi] · ear; the w Sumerian never wrote · PI · ear; the w Sumerian never wrote

123. [Ištar] · goddess — write it

     𒈹INANNA · [Ištar] · the goddess's reed-bundle standard — written INANNA, spoken Ištar in Akkadian mouths · INANNA · the goddess's reed-bundle standard — written INANNA, spoken Ištar in Akkadian mouths

124. 𒁴DIM · [tim] · post, pillar; the genitive's -tim — read it

     [tim] · post · DIM · post, pillar; the genitivethe grammatical case of possession or belonging — "the king's house", "lord of Lagash"'s -tim

125. [bītum] · house — write it

     𒂍É · [bītum] · the house-sign as a sumerogram · É · veteran — É gains [bītum]: the house-sign as a sumerograma Sumerian word-sign kept inside Akkadian text as learned shorthand — written LUGAL, read aloud as Akkadian šarrum, "king"

126. 𒀉A₂ · [id/it/ed/et] · the dental family, both vowel colors — read it

     [id/it/ed/et] · arm · A2 · veteran — A₂ gains [id/it/ed/et]: the dental family, both vowel colors

127. [tam] · day — write it

     𒌓UD · [tam] · nērtam, the murder charge of law 1 · UD · veteran — UD gains [tam]: nērtam, the murder charge of law 1

128. 𒉻PAD · [eṣemtum] · a morsel, a ration; the middle of the bone-compound GIR₃.PAD.RA₂ [eṣemtum] — what does it mean?

     morsel · PAD · a morsel, a ration; the middle of the bone-compound GIR₃.PAD.RA₂

129. [ṣa] · bead — write it

     𒍝ZA · [ṣa] · uṣṣab, "it will grow" — interest's own syllable · ZA · veteran — ZA gains [ṣa]: uṣṣab, "it will grow" — interest's own syllable

130. [li/le] · juniper — write it

     𒇷LI · [li/le] · [li/le]; a juniper in the lists · LI · [li/le]; a juniper in the lists

131. [šar] · write — write it

     𒊬SAR · [šar] · šarrum, the king spelled sound by sound · SAR · veteran — SAR gains [šar]: šarrum, the king spelled sound by sound

132. [ši/lim] · eye — write it

     𒅆IGI · [ši/lim] · šīmātum's opener, awīlim's close · IGI · veteran — IGI gains [ši/lim]: šīmātum's opener, awīlim's close

133. 𒉿PI · [wa/wi] · ear; the w Sumerian never wrote [wa/wi] — what does it mean?

     ear · PI · ear; the w Sumerian never wrote

134. 𒈹INANNA · [Ištar] · the goddess's reed-bundle standard — written INANNA, spoken Ištar in Akkadian mouths [Ištar] — what does it mean?

     goddess · INANNA · the goddess's reed-bundle standard — written INANNA, spoken Ištar in Akkadian mouths

135. 𒌧KALAM · [mātum] · the Land-sign as a sumerogram — read it

     [mātum] · the Land · KALAM · veteran — KALAM gains [mātum]: the Land-sign as a sumerograma Sumerian word-sign kept inside Akkadian text as learned shorthand — written LUGAL, read aloud as Akkadian šarrum, "king"

136. [tim] · post — write it

     𒁴DIM · [tim] · post, pillar; the genitive's -tim · DIM · post, pillar; the genitivethe grammatical case of possession or belonging — "the king's house", "lord of Lagash"'s -tim

137. 𒂍É · [bītum] · the house-sign as a sumerogram [bītum] — what does it mean?

     house · É · veteran — É gains [bītum]: the house-sign as a sumerograma Sumerian word-sign kept inside Akkadian text as learned shorthand — written LUGAL, read aloud as Akkadian šarrum, "king"

138. 𒅖IŠ · [iš] · dust, soil — read it

     [iš] · dust · IŠ · dust, soil

139. [id/it/ed/et] · arm — write it

     𒀉A₂ · [id/it/ed/et] · the dental family, both vowel colors · A2 · veteran — A₂ gains [id/it/ed/et]: the dental family, both vowel colors

140. 𒌓UD · [tam] · nērtam, the murder charge of law 1 [tam] — what does it mean?

     day · UD · veteran — UD gains [tam]: nērtam, the murder charge of law 1

141. 𒆠KI · [ki/qi] · qibīma's opener — the old ki serves as ever — read it

     [ki/qi] · place · KI · veteran — KI gains [qi]: qibīma's opener — the old ki serves as ever

142. 𒌫UR₂ · [ur] · the lap — a body's base; foundations in the lists — read it

     [ur] · lap · UR2 · the lap — a body's base; foundations in the lists

143. 𒍝ZA · [ṣa] · uṣṣab, "it will grow" — interest's own syllable [ṣa] — what does it mean?

     bead · ZA · veteran — ZA gains [ṣa]: uṣṣab, "it will grow" — interest's own syllable

144. 𒇷LI · [li/le] · [li/le]; a juniper in the lists [li/le] — what does it mean?

     juniper · LI · [li/le]; a juniper in the lists

145. 𒉺PA · [pa] · branch; the scepter in Sumerian — read it

     [pa] · branch · PA · branch; the scepter in Sumerian

146. 𒊬SAR · [šar] · šarrum, the king spelled sound by sound [šar] — what does it mean?

     write · SAR · veteran — SAR gains [šar]: šarrum, the king spelled sound by sound

147. 𒅆IGI · [ši/lim] · šīmātum's opener, awīlim's close [ši/lim] — what does it mean?

     eye · IGI · veteran — IGI gains [ši/lim]: šīmātum's opener, awīlim's close

148. 𒀾AŠ₂ · [as] · a curse in the lists — read it

     [as] · curse · AŠ2 · a curse in the lists

149. 𒇉ENGUR · [id] · the sweet waters under the earth; with A before it one word — written ID₂, spoken Id: the River — read it

     [id] · the deep · ENGUR · the sweet waters under the earth (engur); with A before it one word — written ID₂, spoken Id: the River

150. [mātum] · the Land — write it

     𒌧KALAM · [mātum] · the Land-sign as a sumerogram · KALAM · veteran — KALAM gains [mātum]: the Land-sign as a sumerograma Sumerian word-sign kept inside Akkadian text as learned shorthand — written LUGAL, read aloud as Akkadian šarrum, "king"

151. 𒁴DIM · [tim] · post, pillar; the genitive's -tim [tim] — what does it mean?

     post · DIM · post, pillar; the genitivethe grammatical case of possession or belonging — "the king's house", "lord of Lagash"'s -tim

152. [iš] · dust — write it

     𒅖IŠ · [iš] · dust, soil · IŠ · dust, soil

153. 𒀉A₂ · [id/it/ed/et] · the dental family, both vowel colors [id/it/ed/et] — what does it mean?

     arm · A2 · veteran — A₂ gains [id/it/ed/et]: the dental family, both vowel colors

154. [ki/qi] · place — write it

     𒆠KI · [ki/qi] · qibīma's opener — the old ki serves as ever · KI · veteran — KI gains [qi]: qibīma's opener — the old ki serves as ever

155. 𒈗LUGAL · [šarrum] · the king-sign as a sumerogram — read it

     [šarrum] · king · LUGAL · veteran — LUGAL gains [šarrum]: the king-sign as a sumerograma Sumerian word-sign kept inside Akkadian text as learned shorthand — written LUGAL, read aloud as Akkadian šarrum, "king"

156. 𒌒UB · [ub] · [ub]; a corner-nook in the lists — read it

     [ub] · nook · UB · [ub]; a corner-nook in the lists

157. [ur] · lap — write it

     𒌫UR₂ · [ur] · the lap — a body's base; foundations in the lists · UR2 · the lap — a body's base; foundations in the lists

158. 𒅁IB · [ib/eb/ep] · a corner in the lists — read it

     [ib/eb/ep] · corner · IB · a corner in the lists

159. [pa] · branch — write it

     𒉺PA · [pa] · branch; the scepter in Sumerian · PA · branch; the scepter in Sumerian

160. [as] · curse — write it

     𒀾AŠ₂ · [as] · a curse in the lists · AŠ2 · a curse in the lists

161. 𒄠AM · [am] · wild bull — a bull-sign marked with "mountain" — read it

     [am] · wild bull · AM · wild bull — a bull-sign marked with "mountain"

162. 𒂵GA · [qa] · nasqā, "choice" — the emphatic q — read it

     [qa] · milk · GA · veteran — GA gains [qa]: nasqā, "choice" — the emphaticpronounced with extra tension further back in the throat than its plain twin — q versus k, ḥ versus h q

163. [id] · the deep — write it

     𒇉ENGUR · [id] · the sweet waters under the earth; with A before it one word — written ID₂, spoken Id: the River · ENGUR · the sweet waters under the earth (engur); with A before it one word — written ID₂, spoken Id: the River

164. 𒌧KALAM · [mātum] · the Land-sign as a sumerogram [mātum] — what does it mean?

     the Land · KALAM · veteran — KALAM gains [mātum]: the Land-sign as a sumerograma Sumerian word-sign kept inside Akkadian text as learned shorthand — written LUGAL, read aloud as Akkadian šarrum, "king"

165. 𒅅IG · [ig/ik/iq] · the door — read it

     [ig/ik/iq] · door · IG · the door

166. 𒀩ALAN · [ṣalmum] · the statue — a person's standing image; written ALAN, spoken ṣalmum — read it

     [ṣalmum] · statue · ALAN · the statue — a person's standing image; written ALAN, spoken ṣalmum

167. 𒅖IŠ · [iš] · dust, soil [iš] — what does it mean?

     dust · IŠ · dust, soil

168. 𒆠KI · [ki/qi] · qibīma's opener — the old ki serves as ever [ki/qi] — what does it mean?

     place · KI · veteran — KI gains [qi]: qibīma's opener — the old ki serves as ever

169. [šarrum] · king — write it

     𒈗LUGAL · [šarrum] · the king-sign as a sumerogram · LUGAL · veteran — LUGAL gains [šarrum]: the king-sign as a sumerograma Sumerian word-sign kept inside Akkadian text as learned shorthand — written LUGAL, read aloud as Akkadian šarrum, "king"

170. [ub] · nook — write it

     𒌒UB · [ub] · [ub]; a corner-nook in the lists · UB · [ub]; a corner-nook in the lists

171. 𒌫UR₂ · [ur] · the lap — a body's base; foundations in the lists [ur] — what does it mean?

     lap · UR2 · the lap — a body's base; foundations in the lists

172. [ib/eb/ep] · corner — write it

     𒅁IB · [ib/eb/ep] · a corner in the lists · IB · a corner in the lists

173. 𒉈NE · [bi] · qibīma, "speak!" — the letter-opener's middle — read it

     [bi] · brazier · NE · veteran — NE gains [bi]: qibīma, "speak!" — the letter-opener's middle

174. 𒉺PA · [pa] · branch; the scepter in Sumerian [pa] — what does it mean?

     branch · PA · branch; the scepter in Sumerian

175. 𒀾AŠ₂ · [as] · a curse in the lists [as] — what does it mean?

     curse · AŠ2 · a curse in the lists

176. [am] · wild bull — write it

     𒄠AM · [am] · wild bull — a bull-sign marked with "mountain" · AM · wild bull — a bull-sign marked with "mountain"

177. [qa] · milk — write it

     𒂵GA · [qa] · nasqā, "choice" — the emphatic q · GA · veteran — GA gains [qa]: nasqā, "choice" — the emphaticpronounced with extra tension further back in the throat than its plain twin — q versus k, ḥ versus h q

178. 𒆗KAL · [dan] · dannum, "the strong" — read it

     [dan] · mighty · KAL · veteran — KAL gains [dan]: dannum, "the strong"

179. 𒇉ENGUR · [id] · the sweet waters under the earth; with A before it one word — written ID₂, spoken Id: the River [id] — what does it mean?

     the deep · ENGUR · the sweet waters under the earth (engur); with A before it one word — written ID₂, spoken Id: the River

180. 𒈧MASZ₂ · [maš] · the kid goat — and the interest on a loan: growth measured the herdsman's way — read it

     [maš] · kid · MASZ2 · the kid goat — and the interest on a loan: growth measured the herdsman's way

181. [ig/ik/iq] · door — write it

     𒅅IG · [ig/ik/iq] · the door · IG · the door

182. [ṣalmum] · statue — write it

     𒀩ALAN · [ṣalmum] · the statue — a person's standing image; written ALAN, spoken ṣalmum · ALAN · the statue — a person's standing image; written ALAN, spoken ṣalmum

183. 𒄰KAM · [kam] · the counting tag after numbers — "-th" — read it

     [kam] · ordinal · KAM · the counting tag after numbers — "-th"

184. 𒅕IR · [ir/er] · scent, perfume in the lists — read it

     [ir/er] · scent · IR · scent, perfume in the lists

185. 𒈗LUGAL · [šarrum] · the king-sign as a sumerogram [šarrum] — what does it mean?

     king · LUGAL · veteran — LUGAL gains [šarrum]: the king-sign as a sumerograma Sumerian word-sign kept inside Akkadian text as learned shorthand — written LUGAL, read aloud as Akkadian šarrum, "king"

186. 𒌒UB · [ub] · [ub]; a corner-nook in the lists [ub] — what does it mean?

     nook · UB · [ub]; a corner-nook in the lists

187. 𒅁IB · [ib/eb/ep] · a corner in the lists [ib/eb/ep] — what does it mean?

     corner · IB · a corner in the lists

188. 𒌅TU · [ṭu] · ṭubbim, "to make well" — read it

     [ṭu] · born · TU · veteran — TU gains [ṭu₂]: ṭubbim, "to make well"

189. 𒄴AH · [ah/eh/uh] · a pure syllable — the throat's breath in three colors; me-eḫ-ri-šu, "his equal" — read it

     [ah/eh/uh] · sigh · AH · a pure syllable — the throat's breath in three colors; me-eḫ-ri-šu, "his equal"

190. [bi] · brazier — write it

     𒉈NE · [bi] · qibīma, "speak!" — the letter-opener's middle · NE · veteran — NE gains [bi]: qibīma, "speak!" — the letter-opener's middle

191. 𒄠AM · [am] · wild bull — a bull-sign marked with "mountain" [am] — what does it mean?

     wild bull · AM · wild bull — a bull-sign marked with "mountain"

192. 𒂵GA · [qa] · nasqā, "choice" — the emphatic q [qa] — what does it mean?

     milk · GA · veteran — GA gains [qa]: nasqā, "choice" — the emphaticpronounced with extra tension further back in the throat than its plain twin — q versus k, ḥ versus h q

193. [dan] · mighty — write it

     𒆗KAL · [dan] · dannum, "the strong" · KAL · veteran — KAL gains [dan]: dannum, "the strong"

194. 𒅅IG · [ig/ik/iq] · the door [ig/ik/iq] — what does it mean?

     door · IG · the door

195. [maš] · kid — write it

     𒈧MASZ₂ · [maš] · the kid goat — and the interest on a loan: growth measured the herdsman's way · MASZ2 · the kid goat — and the interest on a loan: growth measured the herdsman's way

196. 𒌉TUR · [mārum] · the son-sign DUMU as a sumerogram — read it

     [mārum] · child · TUR · veteran — TUR gains [mārum]: the son-sign DUMU as a sumerograma Sumerian word-sign kept inside Akkadian text as learned shorthand — written LUGAL, read aloud as Akkadian šarrum, "king"

197. 𒀩ALAN · [ṣalmum] · the statue — a person's standing image; written ALAN, spoken ṣalmum [ṣalmum] — what does it mean?

     statue · ALAN · the statue — a person's standing image; written ALAN, spoken ṣalmum

198. 𒀜AD · [ad/at] · father — read it

     [ad/at] · father · AD · father

199. [kam] · ordinal — write it

     𒄰KAM · [kam] · the counting tag after numbers — "-th" · KAM · the counting tag after numbers — "-th"

200. 𒁁BAD · [be] · [be]; as a word, to open, apart — read it

     [be] · open · BAD · [be]; as a word, to open, apart

201. [ir/er] · scent — write it

     𒅕IR · [ir/er] · scent, perfume in the lists · IR · scent, perfume in the lists